The global entropy is not decreased, but information to free energy conversion is possible. In just the right circumstances therefore, the possession of a single bit of Shannon information (a single bit of negentropy in Brillouin's term) really does correspond to a reduction in the entropy of the physical system. The particle can then be left to isothermally expand back to its original equilibrium occupied volume. S = − k B ∑ i p i ln p i, joules of useful work if the shutter is opened again. Also, scientists have concluded that in a spontaneous process the entropy of process must increase. Moreover, the entropy of solid (particle are closely packed) is more in comparison to the gas (particles are free to move). Willard Gibbs in the 1870s, is of the form: Entropy is a thermodynamic function that we use to measure uncertainty or disorder of a system. The defining expression for entropy in the theory of statistical mechanics established by Ludwig Boltzmann and J. Willard Gibbs in the 1870s are similar to the information entropy by Claude Shannon and Ralph Hartley, developed in the 1940s.Įquivalence of form of the defining expressions Boltzmann's grave in the Zentralfriedhof, Vienna, with bust and entropy formula. A useful illustration is the example of a sample of gas contained in a container. The mathematical expressions for thermodynamic entropy in the statistical thermodynamics formulation established by Ludwig Boltzmann and J. Ludwig Boltzmann defined entropy as a measure of the number of possible microscopic states ( microstates) of a system in thermodynamic equilibrium, consistent with its macroscopic thermodynamic properties, which constitute the macrostate of the system.
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The energy should slightly increase more, so you could add the rest of the drums here with the melody and let it play for 4 or 8 bars. After that you could get into the VERSE section. So you start with an INTRO – maybe just the melody plays alone for 4 bars and then the hi-hat and melody play together for another 4 bars. You’ll end up with a screen that looks like this: The idea is to keep the energy of the track building upwards to a climax several different times. What you have to do next is take those different loops you created and arrange them in the “ arrangement window” so that it sounds like a full song – with an intro, verse sections, chorus sections and more. When you have a great sounding 8 bar loop of various sounds playing together, you’re not done yet – if you just leave it like this, the beat will get boring and tired really quick. Getting Out of the Loop – Beat Arrangement Then you create more musical loops (or longer musical sections) and stack them on top of each other. Making Music Loops + LayersĪfter that you program (click little boxes with the mouse) or play out (on your MIDI hardware controller) a melody, bassline, chord progression or drum groove within the “ sequencer.” Your goal is to create a short (4 or 8 bars) musical idea and have it loop over and over. You can create your own unique sounds too. If you’re sampling music or using a synth, you’re not stuck to the defaults/presets. Then you go to your “ browser” and load up some sounds/samples. Choosing Soundsīasically what you do is choose a module (like a synth, sampler or drum machine) you want to start with. Here’s a bit more detail on the steps involved in how to make beats on your computer: 1. You need to know what beats, notes, bars, time signatures, chord progressions and other musical elements are.Ĭheck out our full basic music theory section to learn all that stuff quickly.ĭetailed Look at the Steps of Making Beats for Beginners But when you’re making professional music, you have to know the very basics. I know… you hear the words music and theory and you fall asleep. Sometimes you’ll just download a pre-created loop/sample and just start from there, adding drums, chopping it up, etc. Or you can have a bunch of sounds on the keyboard in front of you and just play around on it – freestyle – until you come up with something that sounds dope. Some have an idea in their head – like a melody or chorus line – and try to recreate it in the studio. There are a few different ways people make those musical ideas (patterns). You’ll also add some effects to help everything sound polished and balanced.įinally, now that your beat has been fully composed, it’s time to export/render it out into a useable format – MP3, WAV, YouTube Video, etc. Then you’ll adjust the volume levels of each part/sound so that nothing is too loud or too quiet and everything site well together. Here you can add transitions between sections or accentuators like drum drops or drum fills, etc. The main sections you need are an intro, verses, choruses, an outro and maybe a pre-chorus plus a bridge/departure, depending on genre. Now you’re going to combine the parts you wrote in Step 2 in various ways to form larger song sections, and then arrange the sections into a full song. The main parts you need are chords, melody, drums and bass. You write one, and then continue building on top of it with other layers using different sounds. Now it’s time to write and record several short (4-16 bar) patterns of musical ideas. This can be a sample or an instrument like piano/keys, synths, drums, etc. Here’s a step by step process on how to make your own beatsįirst, it’s time to choose whatever sound or sounds you want to base your beat around. How to Make Beats for Beginners – Step By Step Now, not every beat maker does all 4 of those things all the time – especially when collaborating with others or making purely instrumental music – but you should learn about all of them. Your job as a beat maker is to choose instruments and sounds that work well together (like drum kits, samples, loops, etc.) and use them like building blocks to produce a finished product. Just keep making beats every single day, as often as you can. You WILL get better. If you want to learn how to produce beats – this is the only guide you need. Then we’ll go over what you need to know about how it’s done, the tools you need and much more! So, in this post we’re going to walk you through everything you need to know. Learning how to make beats for beginners doesn’t have to be difficult and confusing. Everything You Need to Know About Making Beats It was my first attempt at making cake pops. The little meringue bones were a definite hit with the boys! My little man loved these, they added to the party atmosphere nicely! I stuck home made labels on bottles of water so the boys could wash down all the sugar and printed out food tents with awful names like Zombie heads, Gruesome Graveyards, Spare Bones, Jellied Brains and Spinal Fluid. I printed little signs and either put them either in frames or stuck them to the wall with BluTac. Yay, who doesn’t love wobbly jelly brains! There doesn’t seem to be a lot of PvZ stuff for sale in Perth, so I was limited (probably a good thing!) to just one little zombie who kept turning up all over the place! I left my run too late to take advantage of eBay purchases! Although I was very excited to receive a life size brain jelly mould in time :D. Definitely for my sake, not the boys – I thought it looked cute! I wrapped cutlery sets with some green streamer, and tied them together with twine. We wrote their names on the back of the water bottles and the boys placed them where they wanted to sit. A couple more of the potted sunflowers, black plates and a framed sign. Our freshly painted green dining table was perfect for the occasion and we kept it fairly simple. I just love it when I find a bargain! The stripey green straws were decorated with “Brainz!” flags I was aiming to gross out the little fellas as much as I could! I managed to snap up a dozen little milk bottles at a nearby Red Dot store for $1 each – a pretty darn good price for little old Perth. I filled a glass drinks dispenser with green cordial (what do you call that in America? I know cordial is a whole different drink over there – not for the kiddies!) and labelled it Brain Juice. Have a look at this post to see how to make the fringe. When I spotted it I thought it would look perfect, and I’m sure I can use it again with other party themes! I stuck a fringe of green crepe paper along the edge of the table for some grass. The little white plastic picket fence I found at the Reject Shop. I printed and cut out some of the characters from the game and stuck them on the green squares, with a Plants vs Zombies sign at the top. A bit more time consuming, but I got the effect I was after. I wanted to use square plastic plates, which would have been a lot easier, but I couldn’t find any near me, and didn’t want to spend a fortune on postage! In the end I bought packets of A4 card stock and trimmed them to size. The backdrop to the dessert table was set up to look like the game, with squares of light and dark green. Maybe I’ll be organised enough for that next time! The trick to success though would be to have a practise run a few days before the party. I think I’m slowly getting better at setting out the dessert table with each party we have. Finding the perfect balance fedex offers both domestic and international shipping services for envelopes, packages, and. There are twelve fedex express white packaging options to choose from, including envelopes, paks, tubes, and packaging is available at no extra cost for use with fedex express parcel shipments. Accordingly, the terms of this addendum supersede the. Fedex reusable envelope instructions, tutorial, step by step.įund Raising Strategies - Fundraising for a Better America from Fedex first, priority, and standard overnight®. Best for express deliveries usps vs ups vs fedex: Leave a reply cancel reply. Easypost supports all of fedex's functionality, along with the full functionality of 128 other carriers.įinding the perfect balance fedex offers both domestic and international shipping services for envelopes, packages, and. Fedex express envelope where to put label. Using fedex express envelopes provides higher efficiency for users. Federal express corporation, branded as fedex express, formerly branded as federal express, is a cargo airline based in memphis, tennessee, united states. How to send a fedex package at a fedex drop box. You can get a fedex envelope from any of our fedex office locations, from any of our fedex boxes, any station that has a customer counter, along with many of the fedex drivers will carry some on their. You should not use a fedex express letter envelope for fedex ground. You can schedule a pickup of your fedex ground or fedex express shipments within the shipstation app. Fedex envelope window holds up to 60 unfolded pages of standard a4 paperwork. Effective fedex express envelopes available on can help save on shipping costs. Fedex first, priority, and standard overnight®. Shipping supplies: Boxes, peanuts, mailers & more | FedEx from Fedex has over 650 aircraft and 49,000 trucks in their fleet to deliver your packages on time. Fedex reusable envelope instructions, tutorial, step by step. Easypost supports all of fedex's functionality, along with the full functionality of 128 other carriers. Customer may tender fedex envelopes weighing greater than 8 ounces at their current express envelope transportation rates. We created the fedex international shipping assist tool to help make your international shipping process more efficient and accurate. Fedex Express Envelope - Business Postal Solutions | Guernsey Post - Best for express deliveries usps vs ups vs fedex. Complicating things further is Metgos' heat: you only have about 30 seconds before you start taking damage from it: keep an eye on the meter next to your radar to see how much time you have left. However, if the vehicle is destroyed by the Geth, the mission will end in failure. One strategy is to run directly into the Geth and knock them down, speeding over them-then angle back to destroy them with your powerful cannon. Luckily there's so much corporate espionage here that as soon as one. You can make more precise shots by pulling the left trigger, then clicking down on the right stick to zoom in. Today on Mass Effect, we have to find an alternative way to get to Peak 15 on Noveria. The Mako (your vehicle) simply can't take that much damage, so fighting in it is tricky. The Geth have set up an ambush here, and you'll have to deal with them in order to successfully complete this Assignment. The drive will be relatively uneventful for you… that is, until, you reach the distress signal's source only to realize there's more going on here than you otherwise thought. The spot you're looking for in the area is a Transponder Signal, marked with a 4 in our map above, South of your starting position. After selecting it, Joker will relay a message coming in: a patchy emergency distress call from the Sacred Angel medical transport. The basis for this incredible technology was a force that controlled the very fabric of space and time. In the decades that followed, these mysterious artifacts revealed startling new technologies, enabling travel to the furthest stars. Luckily theres so much corporate espionage here that as soon as one. He is unfamiliar with certain human idioms. Today on Mass Effect, we have to find an alternative way to get to Peak 15 on Noveria. A consummate businessman, he carries himself in a polite, refined manner, and is happy to talk about current events, including the lockdown at Peak 15 and the arrival of Matriarch Benezia. When you're done, head to planet Metgos, the second planet in the system. In the year 2148, explorers on Mars discovered the remains of an ancient spacefaring civilization. Lorik Quiin is the manager of the Synthetic Insights Noveria branch, found at the Port Hanshan mezzanine. When you arrive, make sure to collect the following Discoveries in Hydra: The Hydra system will be in the middle of the cluster where the green splotch of the nebula is. Regardless of the above, travel to the Argos Rho cluster, located just North-West of the Horse Head Nebula where Noveria is. We recommend this because you get a bit of XP this way, although this will mean the Assignment will initially be called Unusual Readings. Given Noveria's unique situation, it is the source of many wild conspiracy theories.Ītmospheric Pressure: 0.This Assignment can be discovered by hacking the laptop in the Human Embassy in the Citadel's Presidium area, if you or a Squad Mate have Easy Electronics unlocked. It is privately chartered by the Noveria Development Corporation, who lease out labs to perform research too dangerous or controversial to be performed elsewhere. Noveria is a small, frozen terrestrial world, barely habitable by conventional definitions. Noveria is one of the main plot worlds in Mass Effect, alongside Feros, Therum, and Virmire Planets can be explored while you traverse the galaxy, sometimes you can land on them and other times you only can survey them from the Normandy to obtain resources. updated This page of IGN's Mass Effect Legendary Edition wiki guide covers all the key choices you can make in all three games, including what their effects and consequences. Noveria is located in the Pax system within the Horse Head Nebula cluster. Noveria is home to some of the most advanced research in the galaxy, a sure magnet for Cerberus interest. The mandibles in the upper jaw (the fangs and a small number of smaller teeth are on these bones) are also capable of independant movement. This allows the lower part of the mouth to stretch remarkably. The toothed lower jawbones of snakes can work independently because they are only loosely attached to each other by an elastic ligament. Our skulls, by comparison, are made up of only the lower jaw and the skull (ignoring the bones of the ear). For starters, the skulls are constructed of at least nine separate bones. The skulls of snakes have some remarkable adaptations which assist in getting large objects down their throats. This is a handy skill to have as they do not have any means of dismembering their food. Snakes are capable of eating prey larger than their heads. Do not touch the fangs of dead snakes, such as stuffed cobras. Even dead snakes can be dangerous as venom can crystallise within the fang of a dead snake and remain potent for years. Not designed specifically to kill people, although it can. Venom is highly modified saliva and in some species of snakes is crucial to digestion. Highly toxic venom allows snakes to subdue potentially dangerous prey with minimum risk of injury to the snake. Snakes are quite fragile creatures and having their vital survival equipment (eyes and tongues) in close proximity to their mouths means that attacking prey is a dangerous occupation. Snakes have developed venom to subdue their prey as quickly as possible. On snake bite and first aid procedures.**Īll three Tasmanian species are capable of injecting venom, although the venom of the White-lipped snake has never been recorded as causing death to a human. **Please refer to our Living with Snakes web page for information In fact, Copperheads are well known to be cannibalistic, even eating their own babies. There is no maternal bonding between the young and adults. Larger snakes produce more young than smaller females of the same species. On mainland Australia most snake species are at least partially nocturnal, and many are only active at night.Īll Tasmanian snakes bear live young (viviparous). Both Tiger Snakes and Lowland Copperheads can be active on warm nights, so be aware, and use a torch if walking about at night. On very hot days snakes seek shade or water and will occasionally enter houses. Over winter they become inactive and can go for many months without food. Low environmental temperatures generally limit snake activity to the warmer months between October and March. By doing this they can raise their body temperature quickly and become active, even in overcast conditions. The dark colour of many Tasmanian snakes is an adaptation to a cold environment, enabling them to absorb heat more quickly than lighter coloured snakes. Snakes use posturing to warm up and maintain their body temperature, tending to stretch out as temperatures rise and to coil as temperatures drop. By taking advantage of radiant heat emitted from warmed objects and direct or reflected heat from the sun, snakes can raise their body temperature well above the air temperature. Larger snakes take longer to warm and longer to cool. Snakes depend on external sources of heat to raise their body temperature enough to become active, digest food and for the development of young within the body. Their fastest pace on flat ground is about the same as a fast human walk. Although snakes can strike very quickly, they don't travel very fast at all. There are rare reports of Tiger snakes springing from a coiled position and jumping to escape. This method is used when moving slowly over smooth surfaces. Snakes can also move in a caterpillar-like motion, by bunching up the front part of their body, pushing down and pulling the trailing part forward, then bunching up muscles in the back of the body, pressing down and pushing the front part forward. The fastest snakes are the most slender and have the smoothest skin. Snakes can stay submerged for considerable periods. Many species of snake feed on eels, fish and frogs. This is why snakes are excellent swimmers and can actually move faster in water than on land. Snakes move by throwing the body into a series of loops that move in waves from front to back, pushing the snake forward. For Austrelaps superbus the frontal scale is much longer than broad. For Notechis scutatus the frontal scale is almost as broad as long. The middle head scale is a distinguishing feature. It's not perfect and I still long for some more robust keyframing (bezier/smoothing on EVERYTHING, please) and for them to fix keyframe bugs that have existed in the program for almost a decade, but that'll never happen as I don't think they know how to fix them (or care). After discovering that it can actually do what I need it to do and more, I fell in love with it. What changed? Well, I actualy LEARNED how to use the program. I stuck with FCP 7 for YEARS after FCPX was introduced. I was a naysayer of FCPX for a very long time. 10.3 was great for aesthetics of the program but 10.4 and bringing back color wheels (among other color grading options) to FCP was a great step to bringing it in line with the pro level NLEs. Yes FCP X was weak when it launched replacing FCP 7 but it’s been improving and it’s caught up in most capacities. And the functionality has been getting better and better. Overall FCP is the best bang for your buck when it comes to speed. Not to mention the monthly fee being really expensive for Premiere. I suppose if you put together a $10,000+ workstation you may be able to reach some of the speed levels of the $3000 non-Pro Windows but I doubt it. Yes I tried the latest version of Resolve and no the supposed speed increases and GPU optimization didn’t make it anywhere close to as fast as FCP. However, one thing which is tough to deny is that FCP is WAY faster than either Davinci or Premiere. I can see why someone would want to use the other two as there are aspects of both of those programs that have more options than FCP. FCP is just flat out better than the other two for my use case. HUGE thanks to the developers for making Final Cut Pro X 10.4 easy to navigate, fresh and exciting, streamlined, professional and making the combined performance of FCP and Macs a powerhouse of a editing workstation! I’m not ready to jump ship from Premiere just yet but I am definitely making both Premiere and Final Cut Pro a part of my workflow now. I went ahead and jumped into this software after a few short tutorials and found myself saving about an hour of time when compared to a similar video I recently edited in Premiere and this was after just getting started! Further, the export time was a little more than twice as fast as Premiere! I could go on and on here (I may make a video about this) but I am intrigued and exited for the future of my editing process. The developers really have done a fantastic job with this latest version of FCPX and I am blown away at how much more efficient and optimized the editing process has become, especially when compared to Premiere. I recently revisited Final Cut Pro X when I heard great things about their 10.4 update and….wow! I am honestly speechless at the vast amount of improvements made to this software. Seven years ago I left Final Cut Pro as my preferred editing suite, as many editors did at the time, for Adobe Premiere. Just check with some of Hollywood’s best filmmakers to see if it’s “not for pros”. Given the number of commercials, documentaries, and feature films that have been edited using FCPX in just the last few months, it’s safe to say it’s neither iMovie or very limited. Just ask the many that rely on it daily to edit television and film projects.īTW: When you see a review that says “basically iMovie”, “very limited functionality”, or “not for professionals”, you can trust the reivewer either doesn’t know how to use the product (likely) or has an agenda in favor of Adobe (also likely). It’s a great program for prosumers who want more than iMovie can offer, no doubt, but it’s also a superb tool for pros. Try FCPX and see for yourself that it is far, far from “iMovie for prosumers”. It can be hard to filter out the legitimate complaints. When it comes to Final Cut, and Microsoft in general, there is a lot of schadenfreude out there. Today Final Cut Pro X is an outstanding NLE. However, that’s not Final Cut Pro X today. Add to this the fact that Microsoft handled the update inelegantly, and it was quite the firestorm. There were legitimate issues at the time, with many features missing and an entirely new program to learn for editors that knew FCP like the back of their hands. When the revamped Final Cut Pro X first dropped, it upset many longtime users. If you have a more complicated situation, such as investment income, adoption credits or deductions for child or dependent care, or you contributed to a health savings account, you’ll need to upgrade to a paid version. In addition to W-2 and employment income, TaxAct Free supports retirement income as well as child and earned income credits and coronavirus stimulus credits.Įxpenses allowed by TaxAct free are limited to dependent credits and credits for current students. Maximize Your Deductions: 42 Tax Write-Offs You Don’t Know About TaxAct Free That rule has been lifted temporarily to encourage donations during the pandemic.īeyond that, the platforms have slightly different limitations. Note that for tax year 2020 only, you will not need to itemize deductions to claim cash donations you made to a qualified charitable organization. When it comes to deductions, your return is a simple one if you take the standard deduction rather than itemize deductions. “Simple” generally means that you earned your 2020 income as a W-2 employee or through unemployment. TaxAct and TurboTax both promise free tax preparation for filers with simple returns. Who Can Use TaxAct Free and TurboTax Free Edition? If the issue is about your tax return itself rather than the program or your account, you can upgrade to TurboTax Live Basic at any time to get help with a tax professional. Once you’re signed in, you’ll see a Contact link at the top of your screen that will connect you with assistance. You have a couple of ways to get help if you need it. If you incur a penalty because TurboTax Free Edition made an error, TurboTax will pay it. And TurboTax guarantees that its calculations are accurate. It provides a CompleteCheck review of your return to alert you to errors and omissions. Like TaxAct Free, TurboTax Free Edition is a free program to file basic federal and state tax returns. In the event you encounter a problem with your account, username and password or account preferences, customer service is available by phone, chat or email. In addition, TaxAct Free guarantees that you’ll receive the maximum refund available and that its software is 100% accurate. TaxAct Free lets you compete and print a worksheet containing the information you’ll need when you fill out the FASFA. The program includes TaxAct Alerts that let you know if you’ve made a mistake that could trigger an audit or cause you to pay more tax than you need to.Īnother useful feature is assistance with your Free Application for Federal Student Aid. Although you can also use TaxAct Free to prepare your state return for free, you’ll pay $4.95 for each state return you file. TaxAct Free is for individuals to file the most basic federal return using Form 1040. TaxAct Free and TurboTax Free Edition FeaturesĪlthough both platforms do essentially the same thing - help you prepare and file your tax returns - each has unique features and ways to support you as you work. Import last year’s return from TurboTax or other tax softwareĢ4/7 access to online community of TurboTax specialists and users Limited interest and dividend income reported on a 1099-INT or 1099-DIV Prices for other TurboTax products start at $60 Unlimited access to last year’s return for 7 years after filing deadline Prices for other TaxAct products start at $29.95Ĭan import 1040, 1040A and 1040EZ returns from TurboTax and H&R Block If you click the three-dot menu, you can choose to Open a file or you can use Open with to open your screenshot in another program located on your PC. You can also Save, Copy, and Share your screenshot creation. At the right corner, you can access the magnifier to Zoom in and out of your screenshot. Image crop is available if you need to crop your screenshot, and undo and redo arrow buttons are also available if you make a mistake.ģ. If you need to make measurements on your screenshot, you can use a protractor or ruler, or optimize your screenshot so you can use your finger for touch writing. In the middle (from left to right), you can annotate, highlight, or erase content on your screenshot. This can be used to Snip in 3, 5, 10 seconds, or No delay after clicking the + New button.Ģ. You also have options to delay the snipping time. In the app at the top, you can capture a new screenshot using the “ + New” button. Ctrl + P: Print your screenshot Snipping Tool features and optionsġ. Ctrl + C: Copies your current screenshot to the clipboardĤ. Ctrl + S: Save your current screenshot in your preferred location or folder and in your preferred file format.ģ. Here are a few keyboard shortcuts you can use once the Snipping Tool is activated:Ģ. Under the On-screen keyboard, access keys, and Print screen turn the Use the Print screen button to open screen snipping switch to the On position. You can also change settings for the Windows 11 Snipping Tool, including whether to auto-copy content to the clipboard, save snips, open each snip in a new window, or use an outline around your snips.ģ. This link will take you directly to turn on (and off) the Print Screen keyboard shortcut in Windows Settings. Next to the Print screen shortcut, click Change in settings. Go to the three-dot menu in the upper right corner and click Settings.Ģ. ĭiving planes located on the sail ( conning tower) are called fairwater planes on US Navy submarines. The depth control planes were mounted on the beam, so that they acted vertically, without the lever arm to introduce the usual pitch. Stern planes and rudder were mounted below the stern akin to a conventional ship. Simon Lake of the Lake Torpedo Boat Company was the first to develop planes that could control depth without introducing a pitching moment. Stern planes of HMS Ocelot mounted directly in the prop wake, with fixed planes above.įairwater planes HSwMS Gotland from above, showing fairwater planes mounted on the sail Later Soviet submarines have tended to fold backwards, into recesses in the casing. US submarines referred to this stowage as 'rigging' the planes, and 'tilting' for their control movement. Earlier submarines (to World War II) used vertical folding planes perpendicular to their surface. įor easier berthing close alongside a jetty, submarines have used folding bow planes that retracted alongside the hull. If not carefully controlled, this could lead to a 'porpoising' motion whereby the planesman continually hunts for a stable combination of depth and pitch. The position of the planes controls the pitch of the boat and, with the forward motion of the boat, this controls depth. Ballast tanks within the submarine adjust buoyancy to be neutral, making the boat controllable. As the planes are a long distance fore-and-aft from the hull's centre of buoyancy, they introduce a pitching moment. The stern planes function in much the same way as an aircraft's elevator. Bow and stern planes US Balao-class USS Bowfin of World War II, showing bow planes rigged upwards for stowageĭiving planes are usually fitted in two pairs, the bow planes at the front of the submarine and the stern planes at the rear. The port bow plane of the Soviet-era submarine B-39ĭiving planes, also known as hydroplanes, are control surfaces found on a submarine which allow the vessel to pitch its bow and stern up or down to assist in the process of submerging or surfacing the boat, as well as controlling depth when submerged. JSTOR ( December 2012) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message).Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. This article needs additional citations for verification. |
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